Forever Grips: #3 - (3/15 - 3/21 UPDATE)

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Scientists have found a new method of fighting antibiotic-resistant bacteria
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Stress often causes bacteria to form biofilms. Stress can manifest as a physical barrier, ultraviolet light, or a toxic substance such as antibiotics. The formation of these biofilms takes from several hours to days, and they can be of different shapes, sizes, colors, and textures depending on the type of bacteria. Being in a biofilm state protects them from harmful substances in the environment – biofilms have a unique outer wall with different physical and chemical properties than their individual cells. They can coordinate metabolism, slow down their growth, and even form an impenetrable barrier of wrinkles and creases. This is one of the ways they achieve high antibiotic resistance. Researchers from the United Kingdom recently studied the transition of the Hay Bacillus bacterium from a free-moving swarm to a biofilm as a defense mechanism and published what they did to combat its antibiotic-resistant properties in eLife.

To determine if their test strain was behaving like the others, they first ran stress tests on them. They tested the bacteria’s response to the physical barrier, ultraviolet light, and antibiotics. The addition of a physical barrier led to the transition of bacteria from one layer to a multilayer layer, followed by an increase in cell density and the formation of multilayer islands near the barrier. Later, wrinkles formed on the islands near the barrier in the place where they began to appear initially.
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When they applied ultraviolet light to the swarm, they again observed a drop in cell speed and an increase in density. And after the scientists added a large dose of the antibiotic kanamycin, the bacterial cells formed a biofilm. The researchers then developed a strategy to combat this bacterial biofilm. They added kanamycin to the environment of a new batch of swarming bacterial cells and watched as the biofilm began to form. They then re-injected the antibiotic at a much higher dose than the first, just before the biofilm formation was complete. As a result, the partially formed biofilm was destroyed and bacterial cells died. This shows that antibiotic-resistant bacteria lose their resistance to antibiotics when they undergo a phase transition, right before going into the biofilm, where they will become much more resistant. Thus, with the correct administration of antibiotics, the bacteria can be attacked in their most vulnerable state and destroyed. The researchers believe that similar transitions from swarm to biofilm occur in other bacterial species. Their research may pave the way for finding more effective ways to control clinically relevant bacteria. For example, Salmonella enterica, which spreads into the bloodstream and is transmitted through contaminated food. Or Pseudomonas aeruginosa with multiple drug resistance, which after surgery causes infections in the blood, lungs (pneumonia) and other parts of the body and spreads in hospitals.
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Sedentary lifestyle claims more than 4 million direct victims each year
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According to a recent study, lack of physical activity is the main risk factor for premature mortality for the entire world population.
This paper highlights the percentage of deaths that can be attributed to sedentary lifestyles worldwide. An alarming conclusion is that a sedentary lifestyle is the main risk factor for many non-communicable diseases. These include cardiovascular disease, coronary artery disease, stroke, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes. There are also cancers (bladder, stomach, kidney, breast, colon, and esophagus), depression, and dementia.
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A study published in the British Medical Journal of Sports Medicine on March 29, 2021, estimates that physical inactivity is responsible for 7.2% of all-cause deaths each year. This represents about 4 million deaths out of an average of 56.9 million per year. The American and Canadian researchers behind this work obtained information from several databases in different states. In addition, they tried to get the results closest to reality by considering pathologies whose causal relationship with a sedentary lifestyle is well known. In other words, we are talking about a serious level of evidence. According to the results, in developing countries, most deaths (in absolute numbers) occur due to the lack of physical activity of a part of their population. On the other hand, developed countries are more likely to suffer from the effects of a sedentary lifestyle, as they are subject to a much higher percentage of deaths. The study’s authors strongly believe that " the public health burden associated with physical inactivity is a global problem that will require international cooperation to mobilize change and achieve these public health goals." For researchers, change should be focused on achieving public health goals. This means increased investment in the re-opening of sports facilities during the pandemic. It also means making them available to as many people as possible in the long run.
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